The Four Schools of Tibetan Buddhism

The most recently founded of the four schools, established by Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419). Known for its emphasis on monastic discipline, rigorous philosophical study (particularly Madhyamaka and Pramana), and the graduated path to enlightenment (Lamrim). The Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas are the foremost lineage holders. Major monasteries include Ganden, Sera, and Drepung.

Key practices: Lamrim, Lojong, Mahamudra, Vajrayana tantras including Guhyasamaja, Cakrasamvara, and Kalachakra.

The "oral transmission" lineage, tracing back through Milarepa to Marpa Lotsawa and the Indian mahasiddha Naropa. Known for Mahamudra — the direct recognition of the nature of mind — and intensive retreat practice. The Karmapas are the heads of the main Karma Kagyu branch. The lineage has produced many accomplished yogis and yoginis.

Key practices: Mahamudra, the Six Yogas of Naropa, Tummo, Chakrasamvara, and Vajravarahi practices.

The oldest school of Tibetan Buddhism, established during the first transmission of the dharma to Tibet by Guru Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) in the 8th century. Known for Dzogchen — the Great Perfection — and the unique terma (treasure text) tradition, where teachings are hidden and later revealed by tertöns (treasure revealers). Longchenpa and Jigme Lingpa are among the greatest Nyingma masters.

Key practices: Dzogchen (Tregchö and Tögal), Tara practices, Vajrakilaya, and extensive terma cycles.

Founded in 1073 by Khön Könchog Gyalpo, the Sakya school is traditionally led by the Khön family lineage. Known for the Lamdre (Path and Fruit) teachings — a complete path to enlightenment based on the Hevajra Tantra — and for deep mastery of tantra alongside rigorous philosophical study. The Sakya Trizin is the current head of the tradition.

Key practices: Lamdre, Hevajra, Vajrayogini, Mahakala, and Manjushri practices.